Water-based paints: types and compositions

Water-based paint is an inexpensive material that is used not only in the field of construction and repair. Water emulsion formulations are in demand, because they are environmentally friendly, safe for health and just work with them, even if there are no relevant skills.

This is a water based paint.

Features of water paints

This paint is a mixture of small insoluble fragments of a synthetic binder with pigments, as well as additional additives with water.

As soon as the liquid evaporates, the drops combine with each other and go through the polymerization process. In this case, a durable decorative coating is formed on the base.

The composition of the material contains such components:

• additives of synthetic or natural origin: talc, marble chips,
• water (acts as a solvent),
• foaming agent
• suspension of solid particles, providing the stickiness of the paint and the density of its consistency.

At first, the material has a white color, but it can be changed using the color scheme. The consistency of the composition resembles a liquid paste. Such a substance is used for interior decoration and for exterior decoration.

It has the following advantages:

• environmental safety (there are no components hazardous to health),
• lack of smell
• low cost
• Fire safety,
• short drying period.

But such paint can not always be combined with other decorative coatings. Not all water emulsion formulations are designed for intensive use. It is not always possible to use them in rooms with high humidity or constant temperature changes.

Acrylic

It is used more often for wall decoration indoors. The composition contains acrylic resin. In order to improve the water-repellent properties of this material and its hiding power, the manufacturer adds latex to it. Well suited for indoor use. Water-based paint lies evenly on the base of concrete, brick, drywall, stone and wood.

This type of material dries quickly, and in the presence of contaminants they are easily removed. It can be used in rooms with a high level of humidity, because it is resistant to the formation of fungus and mold. The composition is considered environmentally friendly, and the applied layer does not deteriorate under the influence of temperature changes.

Latex

The main component of the paint is synthetic latex. It is suitable for interior and exterior decoration. Its advantage is increased resistance to moisture, as well as to dry wear. It is resistant to mechanical damage.

A layer of this finish can be washed with non-abrasive detergents. Due to the high elasticity of the composition, it can hide small irregularities and defects on the surface of the base - up to 1 mm.

Silicone

The material is based on silicone resins. This option is considered one of the most expensive. The applied layer passes vapor and air well, therefore there is no condensation, the risk of mold and mildew is reduced. The composition lies exactly on the base of any type. Its technical characteristics allow you to hide cracks, chips or bumps, the size of which does not exceed 2 mm.

Temperature differences do not change the properties of the material. You can even apply it on damp walls.

When contaminated, the surface layer is well cleaned with detergents, without being damaged. Consumption of the composition depends on the texture and material of manufacture of the base.

Silicate

The composition of the substance includes sodium silicate and colored pigments. Also, potash glass is added to it, which makes the finish durable and resistant to mechanical damage. The composition of certain types of such paints includes powdery elements, due to which the finish becomes resistant to corrosion.

Condensation does not form on such a coating, since the layer passes moisture. The advantage of the product is its durability and the ability to use wood, concrete, for outdoor work. Finishing does not lose attractiveness for 10-20 years. It is not affected by temperature changes, acid precipitation, as well as direct sunlight.

Mineral

It is made on the basis of slaked lime with the addition of cement. Designed for walls and ceilings. Such paint lays well on the concrete and brick foundation. It can be used to decorate those surfaces that often come in contact with water. More often mineral paint is used to decorate the facade of the building. The only drawback of the material is the short life.

Aerosol

It is sold in spray cans and is in great demand. After application, the paint dries quickly. In order for the pigment to lie evenly and tightly, it should be applied several times. If necessary, the paint can be removed from the surface within 30 minutes after application. To do this, use a damp sponge. The advantage of aerosol material is that you can choose any shade.

Stamp

It is applied in office stamps and seals. The print is clearly visible not only on paper, but also on other absorbent materials. This paint is suitable for automatic and manual devices. It is also used in daters and numerators. Any stamp pad can be refilled with it.

After drying, this paint is not lubricated. With prolonged contact with paint, the stamp or stamp cliché does not break. The substance combines well with rubber and polymer products.

The color scheme of the composition is constant. It contains blue, purple, green and black colors. Other species can sometimes be found. Tinted ink is not produced. Colorless ultraviolet formulations are available. In daylight, such a print does not appear. It is visible when illuminated with a special UV lamp.

Water based ink.

Selection tips

The right choice of composition will help accounting for its technical characteristics:

1. Hazard Class. The materials used for the design of residential premises should not contain phenol and other toxic components, since they can cause poisoning, the development of cancer.
2. Paint consumption per unit area.
3. The viscosity of the composition. The higher this indicator, the less water is present in it.
4. Weight. The standard is 1.35 kg / l.
5. The drying time of the layer. It affects the level of humidity in the room. More often the paint dries in 4-10 hours.
6. Manufacturer. You should not buy materials that are too cheap, because they may contain toxic additives.

The choice of paint with the inclusion of water depends on the scope of its application and subsequent operating conditions, the type of substrate on which it will be applied.

Advantages and disadvantages

The composition of the product includes water, which acts as a diluent.

Water based paints have the following advantages:

the painted surface is easy to clean with water and other means,

thanks to the easy application, you can cope with the painting yourself,

the coating is durable

universality for any surfaces,

large selection of shades,

there are no dangerous pigments in the composition, which does not lead to the formation of allergies.

The disadvantages of such paints are the following:

during application, the coating temperature should be at least +5 degrees, otherwise the polymerization process will not occur, that is, a film surface will not form,

incompatibility with other coatings, that is, water compositions will not be fixed on alkyd enamel or oil paint,

less wear-resistant than two-component formulations based on organic solvents,

the strength of the resulting film as a result of staining is formed only after four weeks.

Types and composition

Paints and varnishes vary in composition, which affects the characteristics of paints. Types of water-based coatings:

Acrylic The popularity of these dyes is due to the high-quality composition and affordable price. The basis of the material includes resins and additives that give certain properties. Paints can be applied in places with high humidity. Possess durability and wear resistance. They do not have a pungent odor and are also not influenced by chemical additives. Such a coating is easy to apply with improvised tools. The resulting film is fixed without the use of additional funds. However, this product is not suitable for all coatings, as any defects appear after painting. As a result, it is impossible to achieve a glossy finish. Due to the fast drying speed for several hours, the product is able to lose its properties.

Latex the compounds are able to withstand direct exposure to water. Due to this quality they can be used for the bathroom. The main material in the composition is latex. Irregularities after painting are practically invisible. The material has a drying speed for several hours. A feature of latex formulations is resistance to dry and wet wear. Also, such a material is able to hide irregularities and cracks in the surfaces.

Silicone dyes can hide the thick flaws of painted surfaces due to their elasticity. They are able to be cleaned in the process of getting water in the form of precipitation. The price of the product is much more expensive than other types, since its properties show the highest quality.

Mineral coatings are composed of cement or slaked lime. Mainly used for interior decoration. Suitable for concrete substrates, brick walls, plastered surfaces. As a result of painting, a film is formed that provides protection from moisture and the sun.

Acrylic and silicone paints are a type of water dispersion, since the formation of a film is due to the presence of synthetic latex. These types of paints are fire retardant, since during heating a screen forms that protects the heat.

Alkyd the materials are composed of resin resulting from the processing of oil elements. Drying results in a glossy texture. It is used for finishing walls and ceilings and has greater strength in contrast to the water-dispersion composition.

Epoxy coating resistant to detergents, oils and precipitation. It is based on a suspension of pigments and various fillers.

Stamp material widely used for refueling seals and stamps. This dye is quick-drying, thanks to this, the impression is not smeared during operation. A feature of this product is that it works on a water and glycerin basis. Has a large selection of colors.

Release Forms

On sale now you can see various forms of release of the same paints. This is due to the purpose of this composition, type of surface to be painted. Convenience of a product depends on its type of packaging.

If you plan to paint walls or ceilings, then it is most convenient to buy compositions in large buckets.

Spray paint in cans is suitable for furniture, metal elements or plastic. In this form, the spray will help to decorate certain items.

The main advantages of aerosols:

readiness for use, you only need to shake the balloon several times,

ideal for small parts of surfaces, as it has the ability to penetrate into the recesses of objects,

ease of transportation

has a high drying rate,

the ability to make color transitions,

unlike bulk cans, open spray cans with the remaining paint do not dry.

Disadvantages:

impossible to mix different shades

requires certain knowledge to work with aerosol containers,

do not add solvent

if painting is carried out outside, then work should be carried out only in the absence of wind.

Colors

There is a large selection of concentrated dyes that are added in a certain proportion to the composition of the paint material. Then mixing takes place until the desired shade is obtained, the intensity of which can be reduced or increased. But for each dye there is a limitation on the rate of use of tint.

On sale today a fairly large range of pigmenting additives, many of them are distinguished by their versatility. This makes the selection process easier. In water-based paints, the color content should be no more than 20 percent.

Pigment fillers are divided into two types:

Organic They stand out in saturated color, but are unstable to light and alkali.

Inorganic. They have great light fastness, but are limited by color fillers.

To create the necessary color for the paintwork material, the following rules should be considered:

the calculation of the desired color is carried out in advance,

there are various catalogs in which you can see the finished shade,

the use of special tables for mixing colors will give a positive result for more complex shades,

in a small container of white color a test batch is always done, this will help determine the level of the required intensity,

the mixture in a small container is applied on a small area to check,

to achieve the required consistency, mixing is done using a drill with a special nozzle.

Advantages of the manual color kneading method:

profitable in relation to price,

the possibility of dilution and use at the place of painting,

no restrictions on the choice of shade.

Modern technology also allows for the selection of pigment through a computer program that is available in construction stores. Thanks to special equipment, a quick selection of the desired dose and combination of the intended shade is carried out. Kneading is also carried out using the operation of the machine.

Such coloring is more expensive than the usual method. But this method allows you to be sure of the accuracy of the selected color.

Advantages of computer coloring:

high speed of obtaining the desired shade,

there is the possibility of re-obtaining the same shade,

wide selection of colors.

The disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of mixing at the place of repair.

To obtain a black color, painting takes place by gradually adding the pigment dropwise.

It is quite difficult to achieve the desired rich result; patience is required here. Otherwise, only a dull gray shade can be obtained.

Achieving the intended color is ensured by a good selection of white paint without yellow additives.

Kohler is selected taking into account the corresponding surface. Pigment for wall cannot be used for ceiling.

For re-tinting, compositions of the same manufacturer are bought, otherwise there will be a small but noticeable difference.

To obtain a beige shade, a mixture of snow-white and gold pigment is required.

How to choose?

The universal properties of paints allow you to paint various surfaces outside and inside the house.

Coatings that can be stained with water-based paints and varnishes:

Metal. Water soluble formulations protect against corrosion.The metal base must be prepared before exposure to the dye.

Plastic. Acrylic coating using a hardener is suitable for this material. It will give plastic chemical and mechanical stability. It is recommended to choose products that include polyurethane additives.

Plaster. For this surface, a coloring composition for interior work is selected. For plastered walls and ceilings matte water material is selected.

Lining can fulfill the role of external or internal decoration. The choice of paint depends on this. The emphasis is on compounds suitable for wood. Both alkyd and water dispersion are used.

For gypsum vapor permeable and washable colorants are intended.

Under furniture MDF interior paint coatings are selected.

For glass perfect stained glass acrylic paints that do not cause allergies. However, they are not durable enough and require additional processing.

Paintwork material water-based is suitable for all types of heating radiators. Such compositions do not have a pungent odor and have high heat resistance and durability.

Flexo Printing Productscontain more pigment than non-aqueous dyes. This is necessary to create a viscous state. The film is formed due to the presence of various additional elements in the form of wetting agents and defoamers.

Perfectly lays on a wooden surface acrylic paint. It does not cause stains and allows you to maintain the structure of the tree.

When choosing aqueous dyes, the surface to be coated is always taken into account. There is a sufficient number of products on sale that differ in their quality composition. As a rule, the purpose of a particular paint is indicated on the packaging.

You will learn more about the benefits of water based paint from the video below.

Aqueous emulsion (water dispersion) film formers

An emulsion is a two-phase system of immiscible liquids, one of which is continuous, and the second forms a dispersed phase in the form of small inclusions. It is a type of dispersion.

Polymer dispersions are divided into:

• primary or synthetic,
• secondary or artificial.

The former are obtained by polymerization of monomers directly in a liquid. The second - by dispersing the finished polymer into the liquid phase. Depending on the state of aggregation of the finished polymer, synthetic dispersions are divided:

Emulsions are formed when using the finished polymer in a liquid state or in the form of a solution of a film former in an organic solvent. Suspensions are formed when using solid oligomers, polymers or finished powder paints, have limited use.

Emulsion polymerization is used in the chemical industry, including the production of emulsion polymers, for example, synthetic rubbers and polyvinyl chloride. It can be both aqueous and non-aqueous. In turn, the monomers can be either “solid” (vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate) or “soft” (butyl acrylate), or gaseous (ethylene, vinylidene chloride). Conventionally, “hard” and “soft” polymers are divided based on the mechanical characteristics of the resulting film. Emulsion polymerization is widely used in paint and varnish production.

How are coatings based on aqueous dispersions formed?

An example of an aqueous dispersion

A film from an aqueous emulsion is formed by coagulating it on a painted surface as a result of removing water from a sufficiently thin layer of the emulsion. With an increase in the volumetric content of the dispersed phase during the disappearance of water, a gel-like structure is formed, and the globules “fit” into the most compact structures. In the future, the globules come closer to the corresponding deformation and increase in interphase boundaries. Under the microscope, the resulting structure resembles a honeycomb.

Film formation ends with the disappearance of physical boundaries between the parts of the polymer components due to diffusion through the interglobular space of the macromolecular segments, which occurs only with segmental mobility of the molecules. Typically, this mobility is provided at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. If this condition is not fulfilled for standard conditions, the segmental mobility of polymer particles is increased with the help of various additives of solvents (coalescents), plasticizers and softeners.

The ability of aqueous emulsions to form a film is characterized by a minimum film-forming temperature (MTP), which for most water-dispersed materials is at least 5 ° C.

Rheological properties

The viscosity of the dispersion medium is so low that the rheological properties of emulsion paints depends not so much on the type and properties of the polymer component as on its concentration.

To a large extent, the rheological properties are exerted by the particle size of the polymer component. The gel-like structure with small particles has a low shear viscosity and high thixotropy, respectively, the paint is well applied, but traces from the brush remain due to poor flowability. Emulsions with large particles form too liquid paints, prone to smudges.

In general, the viscosity of the paint depends on the aqueous medium and is easily regulated by water-soluble thickeners. The size and shape of pigments and fillers affect fluidity to a lesser extent.

Water-based paint: composition, types of copolymers

Types of water-based paints

The main components of water-dispersion paints and varnishes:

• film formers,
• pigments
• fillers
• functional additives:
  • wetting agents (surfactants),
  • pigment stabilizers
  • plasticizers and coalescing solvents,
  • acidity regulators, buffers,
  • defoamers
  • defrosting / freezing stabilizers.

Surfactants provide:

• conditions for the polymerization of monomers,
• stabilization of the resulting polymer particles.

In emulsion polymerization, anionic and nonionic surfactants are commonly used. In the process of coating formation, it is possible to prevent surfactant coalescence of polymer particles.

Coalescing additives and plasticizers, provide mobility of molecules in the process of film formation. Unlike plasticizers, coalescing additives evaporate from the film during its formation and the initial period of operation, without affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the coating. In practice, plasticizers and coalescing additives are used together.

Despite the fact that dispersions can be obtained from almost any polymer material, the paint and varnish industry mainly uses:

• polyvinyl acetate and its copolymers,
• styrene-butadiene copolymers,
• acrylic copolymers.

Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions

The first to use in the paint industry. At room temperature, polyvinyl acetate is a fairly “solid” polymer. The necessary flexibility of the film provides plasticization:

• external - with solvent plasticizers.
• internal - by copolymerization.

The use of solvent plasticizers is economically disadvantageous, the resulting films are not stable enough, most of the solvents are lost during operation of the film. Improving the operational properties of the resulting film due to the use of complex mixtures of several plasticizers is inefficient.

To obtain copolymers, esters of acrylic, fumaric and maleic acids, as well as higher vinyl esters, are mainly used. Copolymerization increases the degree of dispersion of polymers, which reduces the water absorption of the film, decreases the tendency to migrate organic pigments, and increases the possibility of increasing the content of these pigments in the paint.

Styrene-butadiene copolymers

Gained fame during the Second World War as a synthetic rubber, have the elasticity and stickiness characteristic of elastomers. To increase the hardness and durability of the film, the styrene content in the copolymer is increased to 50 ... 60%.

Styrene-butadiene copolymers are less susceptible to emulsification, inferior in terms of durability and weather resistance to polyvinyl acetate and polyacrylates, and are used exclusively indoors.

Water-based paint: application, technical characteristics

By area of ​​application, they are divided:

1. Soils.
2. Facade.
3. For internal work.
4. Special

Soils They are used to strengthen the substrate, align its defects and increase the adhesion of the painted surface. Protect coatings from aggressive components of a cement substrate, especially recently manufactured. Both pigmented and non-pigmented can be. Soils must have the following technical characteristics:

• good penetration
• formation of a film with acceptable strength properties,
• ability to provide excellent adhesion,
• resistance to hydrolysis and electrolytic processes,
• resistance to water.

Facade water-based paints and varnishes must be resistant to:

• temperature differences
• ultraviolet light
• the effects of water and chemicals in the atmosphere,
• abrasion
• exposure to microorganisms (mold, lichen and algae).

Facade coatings should have stability during operation, low water absorption with good vapor permeability. In facade paints, pigments and fillers that are resistant to solar radiation are used. At the same time, the weather resistance of the coating may depend more on the quality of the pigment than on the type of dispersion.

Water based paint for interior use

Water based paint for interior use

The milder operating conditions of paints and varnishes for internal work allow the use of various types of copolymers as film formers, including styrene acrylic, vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate and high-pressure polyethylene. There are no serious water resistance requirements for coatings. The use of paints with a low content of copolymers and a high content of fillers allows you to optimize the ratio of "price - quality".

Coatings for interior work are characterized by the following properties:

• good hiding power
• ease of painting, lack of defects,
• use for both walls and ceilings,
• ductility, resistance to cracking,
• good compatibility with tinting pastes,
• resistance to brushing and rinsing.

Special water-based paints and varnishes are used to obtain fire-resistant coatings, for bathrooms or floors, for painting metal, wallpaper and other materials.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of water-based paints and varnishes:

• high performance properties of the coating,
• good adhesion to the painted surface,
• economical consumption
• the possibility of painting wet surfaces or with high humidity,
• saving on irretrievably lost organic solvents,
• safety of use,
• fire safety
• adaptability of coating,
• short drying time
• making different colors with your own hands using tint,
• ease of maintenance.

• low frost resistance limits use in the cold season.

Production of water-based paints

A wide range of water emulsion materials makes it possible to choose the type of coating for almost any conditions of use, while maintaining its environmental friendliness and fire safety. Therefore, this direction in the paint and varnish industry is the most promising and is gradually replacing other types of varnishes and paints.

The composition of water dispersion paints

Looking at the photo of water-based paint of this variety, you can see that it is sold in the form of liquid paste. It consists of solid synthetic polymers, which immediately before use must be diluted with water:

• substances that form a polymer film after the paint dries.
• fillers that give the coating strength, eliminate transparency and add a certain effect to the surface depending on the composition,
• pigments on which color depends,
• additives like emulsifiers, stabilizers and thickeners.

This composition in diluted form is applied to the painted surface. As a result, after the liquid dries, a durable and pleasant-looking coating is formed.

Advantages and disadvantages

Water-based paints are widely used due to the following positive qualities,

• resistance to fire,
• lack of toxic substances and a specific smell when dried,
• safety for human health,
• water-based painting is considered a fairly simple process,
• resistance to mechanical stress,
• strong adhesion to the surface,
• drying speed
• a large selection of colors that do not lose their luster and saturation for a long time,
• ability to pass steam
• service life up to 20 years.

This type of coating is considered universal. So, the ability to use water-based paints for wood, stone, metal or other materials becomes an additional plus.

However, before using paints in work, it is worth considering a number of features. Although the composition is resistant to many negative effects in the dried state, in the form of a solution it needs special protection.

Firstly, it can only be stored at room temperature and applied to walls only from + 5 degrees. In frost, the paint will lose its properties.

Secondly, another danger for not dry coating will become precipitation, which can wash off the applied layer, which will also negatively affect the result.

Thirdly, you should not work with this composition in extreme heat or leave the painted surface in direct sunlight. This can lead to a divorce.

And so that the colors of water-based paints are fully manifested, you need to carefully prepare the surface before painting.

Varieties of water dispersion coating

Water-dispersed paints are distinguished by the type of polymer, which is responsible for the formation of the film during drying. According to this criterion, the division goes into 3 categories.

The first of them includes polyvinyl acetate dispersion. This composition is rich in color, but is used only in dry rooms due to low resistance to moisture.

The second type is represented by styrene butadiene dispersion. It is characterized by high moisture resistance and a relatively low price. But for external decoration it is not applicable, since it tends to turn yellow under the influence of the sun and crack in the cold.

The most expensive variety of water-dispersed paints is acrylic. It is considered the most resistant to all negative impacts, which gives it universal status.

Before choosing one of the types of coverage, it is worth deciding on the features of the upcoming works:

• temperature
• humidity
• type of lighting.

Depending on the specific conditions, the choice is made in favor of a particular variety of colors.

Surface preparation

Surface preparation before painting is a key condition for obtaining the appropriate result.To do this, strictly follow the technology.

The wall must be clean before applying the paint. Therefore, dust, grease and other contaminants must be removed using special means and water. If mold must be removed, penetrating fungicin should be used.

The surface is leveled with plaster and primer. If staining has previously been applied, the wall must be sanded to a matte finish. If it is planned to paint the wood with paint, the master will need grinding to give it smoothness.

Application Methods

After preparing the surface, it is time to apply the paint. This stage of work also involves some features:

• the paint must be diluted and mixed well before application,
• in the process of tinting, the pigment needs to be moistened before starting to mix with dispersion,
• for work it is better to use a brush, roller or spray gun,
• it is not recommended to use the brush when working with large surfaces due to possible difficulties in creating an even layer,
• for completeness of color it is necessary to apply paint in 2-3 layers as necessary.

To summarize: water-dispersion paint is one of the coatings that meet the high requirements of quality, aesthetics and safety. And in order to get a decent result, it is necessary to observe the technology of surface preparation and the rules for applying the composition.